Thursday, October 31, 2019
Article summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Article summary - Essay Example This quote directly fits in with the overall theme of how people, for example in China, seek to step aside from having conversations directly when it comes to the discussion of sexual issues in nature. One of the reasons in many ways can be seen as a lack of communication between parents and children on this issue. There is a very strong cultural/society influence on how such issues are looked at and talked about. Towards the middle of the article, Ford mentions the level that China had stepped towards adopting a more Western approach to how they go about doing things. A fear among some parents that if the children were to have knowledge about sexual issues, that would enable them to take part in the issue. Making light of the ratings system that the United States has, Ford addresses the Chinese approach to having one. Yin Hong, a deputy head of Tsinghua University's Journalism School is quoted in the article when he says, "The time is not ripe for China to institute a ratings system," says Yin Hong, a film critic and deputy head of Tsinghua University's Journalism School," (Ford, 2/2/07). Many of the points which Peter Ford mentions in his article are very important to understanding the bigger story.
Tuesday, October 29, 2019
Religion, Media and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Religion, Media and Ethics - Essay Example Media ethics as such is a complex subject, as it is formulated on the basis of the concurrent culture, economy and national policies. It has been observed by a number of researchers that the media symbolizes societal values. Slinger (1983) has mentioned a number of examples in which media comes up with advertisements which prompts the views to connect the product being advertised to societal values specific to the viewers. One important value that a person relates to is his personal beliefs and religious beliefs. Itââ¬â¢s generally considered that the popular programs in the secular media do not have religious intentions. Considering the recent development of secularizing of religious broadcasting sponsored by religious organizations, the identification of religiously persuading content becomes difficult. Programs and specifically labeled content dealt by religious media are the ones which are bracketed as of the ones which influence the public religiously. However, there are arguments that this is not the case. Mark Pinsky (2001, p.5) observes that he ââ¬Ëfound God, faith and spirituality in abundance on Th e Simpsonsââ¬â¢.Jana Reiss (2004, p.xii) claims that Buffy the Vampire Slayer and its spin-off Angel ââ¬Ëare two of the most religious programs on network TVââ¬â¢. These arguments suggest that cartoon programs and other popular programs may also be considered as religious. I agree with this argument. The earlier argument that only religious media can contain religious content is based on the assumption that religion is associated with religious institutions and organizations. Schultze (1990) has argued that being religious does not mean belonging to a religion but itââ¬â¢s a way of life with its own world view. Anything which would influence this world view thus must be considered religious persuasion. Thus there is no wonder in Pinsky finding spirituality and god in the cartoon
Sunday, October 27, 2019
Demographic Analysis for Associations with Poverty
Demographic Analysis for Associations with Poverty 3. Socio-economic Characteristics In this paper, demographic characteristics such as age, sex and education as well as socio-economic characteristics such as household assets and livelihood activities are assessed. These characteristics provide an overview on the background of the respondents, which in turn provides an overview about the suitability of the study population. Without necessarily being the source of poverty, it has been pointed out that having a particular characteristic may be associated with poverty. For example, most households that depend on agriculture, livestock and fishing keeping are more likely to be poor. We have also collected data about their profession that how they manage fishing. Also, data has been collected about their economic activities like have they received microcredit or do they pay any usury. Here in the following table we show their professional activities. Non-Users of mobile phone number is 53 out of 205, which is 25.85% and number respondent using mobile more than 1 year is 92 out of 205, which is 60.53%. These characteristics are described in table 1, 2 and 3. Table 3: Information (Qualitative) about Mobile Phone of the User Subject Number of User Percentage Length of using mobile phone 18 11.8% 7 to 12 months 42 27.6% >1 year 92 60.5% Reason of using mobile phone Family 20 13.2% Business 93 51.2% Other 39 25.7% The level of literacy rate is 30.7 % which is less than rural Bangladesh illiteracy rate 50.6% (BBS, 2013). Mobile phones are easy to afford and do not require the user to have much technological knowledge or even to be able to read or write, so this group with primary or no education can operate this. Table 4: Income Status For Mobile Users (N = 152) Variable Income Before use mobile Income after mobile use Income [Mean (à ±S.D.)] (Bangladeshi taka) 13068.39 (à ± 11840.35) 20854.72 (à ±22868.66) Household monthly income N (%) N (%) Lower Income (0-10000) 87 (42.4 %) 75 (36.6 %) Average Income (10000-15000) 34 (16.6 %) 13 (6.3 %) Higher Income (>15000) 84 (41.0 %) 115 (56.1 %) For Non-Mobile Users (N = 53) Variable Last Year Present Year Income [Mean (à ±S.D.)] (Bangladeshi taka) 4666.97 (à ±11390.37) 4134.08 (à ±9743.71) In order to understand the socio-economic status of the households, a number of household assets and livelihood activities were assessed through multiple-response questions. As all respondents are fishermen, so their main earnings are from this occupation. At the same time, they are also involved in some agricultural productions. Also, some respondents are partly involved in business. As we collected the whole information of their family, so the other source of income with fishing by the other members of the family are also involved. The other member either may be migrated or jobholder or may be involved in business like storekeeper. So, in our data, all of the income earnings through these income sectors are also included. The Income group are separated in three groups with their monthly income. The lower income group with the income from 0 to 10000 taka, average income group with the income from 10000 to 15000 taka and higher income group with the income higher than 15000 taka. For mobile phone user, the average income before mobile phone use was 13068.39 taka where after the use of mobile phone this average income raised to 20854.72 taka. For the non-user of mobile phone we collected the data about income for the previous year. The estimated average income of the last year was 4666.97 taka where in present period this income has decreased to 4134.08 taka. The estimated income of the mobile phone user and non-user are given by the following Table-4. 4. Impacts of Mobile Phone Use on Fishing Communityââ¬â¢s Business The study has sought to identify the impacts of the mobile phone in fishing community life. Impact refers to the difference that access to the mobile phone has meant to the individuals in the study areas. Assessments of impacts are based on the self-reported advantages of mobile phone access that the interviewees have indicated. Access to the mobile phone has above all meant the creation of more opportunities and choices, but it has also provided help in managing uncertainty. Moreover, existing business relations have been strengthened. We have asked several questions related mobile phone use in their business and they answered (Table- 5). The advantages that the users feel the mobile phone has given them in business transactions is above all relate to the reduced access time to information. Reduced communication expenses are also important to many. Table 5: Business related advantages of mobile phone users (N=152) Mobile phone has helped in: Agreed Easy to use 125 (82.2%) Easy to access market information 128 (84.2%) Reducing search cost and improve market knowledge 110 (72.4%) Reducing risk 119 (78.3%) Most of the respondents say that they call mostly for their business purpose. Before introducing mobile phone they had to accept the middlemanââ¬â¢s price offer for fishes because they had no other way to know the market price for fishes in the bigger markets. Mobile phone gave them the opportunity to verify the market price of fishes. Now, before sell fishes to middlemen, they do verify the market price in the nearby markets and only agree to sell when they get a good price. Now they feel much more confident as they have gained bargaining power with the middle men who mostly deprive them from their profit. Table 6: Business information of mobile phone users (N=152) Business Related Questions Agreed N (%) Strongly Agreed N (%) Neither Agreed nor Disagreed N (%) Disagreed N (%) Strongly Disagreed N (%) After using mobile phone income has increased 102 (67.1%) 5 (3.28%) 31 (20.39%) 14 (9.21%) 0 (0%) After using mobile phone savings have increased 78 (51.32%) 6 (3.95%) 33 (21.71%) 35 (23.03%) 0 (0%) After using mobile phone expenditure has increased 82 (53.95%) 17 (11.18%) 37 (24.34%) 14 (9.21%) 2 (1.32%) After using mobile phone, 67.1 percent fishermen have agreed that their income has increased, 3.28 percent have strongly agreed. Again, about the increase in savings, after mobile phone use 51.32 percent have agreed, 3.95 percent have strongly agreed. Finally, about the increase in expenditure. 53.95 percent agreed that their expenditure has increased, 11.18 percent have strongly agreed. 24.34 percent are indifferent whether 9.21 percent have disagreed and 1.32 percent strongly disagreed about the increase in price (table- 6). They are agreed mostly that the impact of mobile phone on rural market is that the rural suppliers could more easily get market information, they could more easily get price information and they find out that the market is expanding. Also they find out that the introduce of mobile phone strengthening their relationships with business partners, motivating himself in taking new initiatives and creating new economic or income generating opportunities. Findings of table- 7 suggest that contribution of mobile phones were enabling rural households in Sylhet region to overcome vulnerabilities related to social exclusion .The phones were also reducing travel times and monetary costs; decreases physical risks; and increases the outcomes of those necessary journeys. Furthermore, increased temporal accessibility enables people to manage several activities regardless of their physical location. Table 7: Qualitative information about mobile phone userââ¬â¢s (N=152) business Livelihood and development aspects Agreed N (%) Does mobile phone can reduce risk? 119 (78.29%) Do you get the assistance of health service initializing mobile technologies? 35 (23.03%) Do mobile application and practices can increase the benefit to women? 68 (44.74%) Do you face any harassment by others? 37 (24.34%) Do your productivity rise? 103 (67.76%) 5. Empowerment Empowerment is the reduction of dependency, owners as well as users have experienced a variety of changes after access to the mobile phone. In rural Bangladesh, people have very little scope for choice in work or social relation but remain confined to the village and its limited income earning opportunities. Economic empowerment refers not only to increases in income but also to having control over resource and resource management, decision making power, involvement in and control over economic transactions. Mobile phone, besides financial gain, could also facilitate the economic empowerment of women. Mobile phone has created an income generation opportunity for rural women. It has also provided scope for interacting with a wider cross-section of people. Obviously, mobile phone as a business venture provides an opportunity for financial gain for the users. Almost most of the fishermen 70.38% (Summation of ââ¬Å"agreedâ⬠and ââ¬Å"strongly agreedâ⬠, table- 6) have said their income have increased through mobile phone. In the majority of cases the income of the fishermen has increased with the length of the mobile phone owning period. The greater the length of ownership, the higher has been the increase in income. So, apparently, as an income opportunity, the mobile phone has b een a success for the fishermen. 6. Results and Discussion 6.1 Probit Regression Probit regression analysis attained in table-8 suggested mobile phone has a significant impact on social and economic condition. Table 8: Probit Regression: Dependent Variable- Probability of using mobile phone Variables Coefficient Constant -0.24 (0.47) Age -0.01335 (0.0085) Education 0.89** (0.29) Maritaul Status 0.29 (0.23) Otherych 0.0018** (0.0008) Fishych 0.0024*** (0.0007) Credit 0.06 (0.23) Sellall 0.97*** (0.29) Number of observation 205 LR chi2 (7) 59.28 Prob > chi2 0.0000 Log likelihood -88.560767 Note: (1)*, ** *** denote 10%,5% and 1%level of significance respectively, (2) Standard Error is repeated in parenthesis. (3) Otherych=Income from other source; Fishych = Income from fishing; Credit= Micro-credit; Sellall = Sell all fish Probit regression suggested that an increase in Age decreases the predicted probability of mobile phone use by 0.013. However, it can be easily seen that age has no significant influence on probability of mobile phone use. The coefficient ofââ¬Å"Educationâ⬠shows that an increase in education increases the probability of using mobile phone by 0.89. This result was significant at 5% level. Another coefficient ofââ¬Å"marital statusâ⬠was 0.29,which means that there is a positive impact of marriage in the predicted probability of income. One of the most important coefficient ââ¬Å"income from other sourcesâ⬠(Otherych) was 0.00175, the result was significant at 5% level. This means that increase in income from other source than fishing cause increase in total income. The coefficient of ââ¬Å"income from fishingâ⬠(Fishych) was 0.0024. This means the increase income from fishing increases the total income. This result was significant at 1% level. The coefficient of ââ¬Å"microcreditâ⬠(Credit) was 0.06. This means that an increase in receiving microcredit causes an increase in total income. Coefficient of ââ¬Å"selling all fishâ⬠(Sell all) was 0.97. This means that the increase in selling all fish causes an increase in total income. This result was significant at 1% level. The constant term is -0.24 which describes that predicted probability of income of the fishermen through mobile phone is extremely low if all of the predictors (Age, education, marital status, otherych, fishych, credit and sell all) are evaluated at zero. The Likelihood Ratio (LR) Chi-Square (Ãâ¡2 ) was 59.28 assuming that the model converged with all the parameters. Here, the value of log-likelihood is -88.56, which is negative, indicating better fit of this model. Prob > Ãâ¡2 If Prob > Ãâ¡2 tends to zero then there is no heteroscedasticity problem. Our probability of Ãâ¡2 value is 0.0000 that rules out existence of heteroscedasticity problem. 6.2 Marginal Effects after Probit Marginal effects after probit is taken to find out the variation in the probability of increasing mobile phone use of the respondents. The marginal effects are calculated in Table- 9. Table 9: Marginal Effects after Probit Regression Variables dy/dx Age -0.004 (0.002) Education+ 0.21*** (0.06) Maritaul Status+ 0.08 (0.07) Otherych 0.0005** (0.0002) Fishych 0.0007*** (0.0002) Credit+ 0.017 (0.07) Sell all+ 0.33** (0.11) Note: (1) (+) dy/dx is for discrete change of dummy variable from 0 to 1 (2) *, ** *** denote 10%,5% and 1%level of significance respectively. (3) Otherych=Income from other source; Fishych = Income from fishing; Credit= Micro-credit; Sellall = Sell all fish All else held constant, education increases the probability of income by 21.28% and this was significant at 1% level. As the literate fishermen who are more educated can operate mobile phone effectively than the illiterate fishermen and are more informed about new inventions. They know that the use of mobile phone can minimize their cost by proving various market information including ups and downs in prices, pick demand etc. Relying on the middlemen, instead do not provide the mark; they information about price and market demand. So, the use of mobile phone among the fishermen who are educated is higher than the fishermen who are not educated. Also, the income from other source rather than fishing, when all else held constant, increases the total mobile usage by 0.05 %, with a significance of 5% level .That is, the change in income from other sources like agriculture, remittances, businesses, wage or salaries and interest earnings were influenced by the change in attitude towards mobile use. Again, earnings from fishing increases the total income by 0.07 % and this result is significant at 1% level. That is the income earnings from fishing change the mobile usage positively. The fishermen who were using mobile phone can sell their fishes with better prices. So, the total income of the fishermen who were mobile phone user greater than the fishermen who were not mobile phone user. We have to admit however, that the real impacts on the probability to use mobile phone by both income variables are quite low. Finally, selling all fish remaining increases mobile phone use by 33.14% and this result was significant at 1% level. So, the fishermen who are mobile phone user can sell all the fishes whereas the fishermen who were not the user of mobile phone cannot sell all the fishes very fast compared to fishermen who were the user of mobile phone. As fish is very perishable good, it becomes a vital incentive for the fishermen to use mobile phone. On the other hand, the impact of marital status and credit has no any significant impact on the change in total income. The status ââ¬Å"Marriedâ⬠for person increases the probability of increasing income by 8.14% which was not significant. Receiving credit has a positive probability and increases the probability of increasing total income by 1.67% which was not significant. That the receiving microcredit may enhance their wealth but the wealth status is not much more different of both the fishermen who are mobile phone user or not. Finally, the probability of increase in total income is negatively related to the age. As age increases, the probability of increasing income decreases at 0.37% rate. This change is also not significant.
Friday, October 25, 2019
OVERVIEW OF LAW ENFORCEMENT INTELLIGENCE :: essays research papers
27 Jan 2002 OVERVIEW OF LAW ENFORCEMENT INTELLIGENCE Intelligence collecting and analyzing have been around since even Biblical times and is often referred to as the second oldest profession. Since the early 1900s, law enforcement officials have begun to utilize the value of the intelligence collection methods. One of the first well-known uses of intelligence by law enforcement was during the ââ¬Å"Black Handâ⬠investigations, which lasted from 1905 to 1909. The investigations resulted in the deportation of 500 people and arrest of thousands of others. In the 1920s and 1930s, intelligence was used to collect information on citizens thought to be anarchists and mobsters, and by the 1940s and 1950s; law enforcement agencies began to utilize intelligence methods in the fight against organized crime. By 1967, the Presidentââ¬â¢s Commission on Organized Crime helped to develop the Racketeering Influenced and Corrupt Organization (RICO). In 1986, the heads of five Mafia families were convicted of violating the RICO. Other types of activities that intelligence is used against are outlaw motorcycle gangs, Russian and Asian organized crime, and street gangs. Some of the duties that fall under the intelligence process for law enforcement are collection, evaluation, integration, and dissemination. Intelligence analysts can assist in investigation or prosecution as well. One of the main problems that analysts seem to be having in the law enforcement field is first getting into the job and then, once they are working, making it up to the higher-level management positions. Many have confused information with intelligence. Information is only raw data, while intelligence is a process of changing this raw data into useable information in order to draw conclusions about unknown events in the past, present, or future. à à à à à The different types of intelligence collection and analyzing methods are termed ââ¬Å"disciplinesâ⬠. There are five different types of disciplines: Imagery Intelligence (IMINT), Signals Intelligence (SIGINT), Measures and Signals Intelligence (MASINT), Human Intelligence (HUMINT), and Open Source Intelligence (OSINT). These five disciplines are what compiles the raw information data that intelligence analysts use to draw conclusions. à à à à à IMINT is the method of using pictures to draw information. The pictures can be taken as electro-optical, infrared, radar, or multi-spectral. The greatest advantage is that a picture can speak a thousand words. A disadvantage is that a picture is a moment frozen in time, and the information may change after the snapshot is taken. à à à à à SIGINT is the method of taking information from transmissions. Within SIGINT there are three categories as well: Communications Intelligence (COMINT), Telemetry Intelligence (TELINT), and Electronic Intelligence (ELINT).
Thursday, October 24, 2019
Difficulties and Barriers When Applying E-Commerce in Vietnam Essay
There are many difficulties when applying e-commerce into Vietnam. The first one is that there are only few end users in Vietnam have used credit card in their lives. It is because of the tradition of using cash. In addition, Vietnamese people used to do merchant in face-to-face fashion and most of the transactions are paid directly by cash. The second one is the Internet usage is still not widespread and not popular in general. It is because the Internet and telecom charge are still very high, especially in comparison with the salary of common labor. Moreover, the living standard is still low, GDP per capita of Vietnam is about US $1411 (data of World Bank 2011). Last but not least, the financial system needs to be changed to support Internet buying and selling with or without traditional invoices (traditionally, business invoices are issued and controlled centrally by the government, with unified forms). While Vietnam is still a developing country, startups, especially for small and medium enterprises, have to face with many difficulties to set up e-commerce in business as well as barriers when running on it. Below are some main barriers to e-commerce adoption by SMEs: â⬠¢High costs of e-commerce implementation â⬠¢E-commerce is too complex to implement â⬠¢Organizational resistance to change â⬠¢Lack of technical skills and IT knowledge among employees â⬠¢Lack of time to implement e-commerce â⬠¢Lack of suitability of electronic campus for products/services offered by small businesses â⬠¢Lack of awareness of e-commerce benefits â⬠¢Security concerns/lack of trust â⬠¢Lack of financial resources â⬠¢Lack of senior management support/enthusiasm Vietnamese is still inexperienced in Internet dealing with foreign companies. It is showed up by the growth rate and the problems which have occurred in reality which Nhommua. com is an example. The following parts will describe more about this issue. Case study of Nhommua. com Brief introduction about Nhommua. com Nhommua. com, which was established in 2010 under M. J Group in cooperation between IDG Ventures, Rebate Networks and Ru-net Global with a total investment of $60 million, is a business on group sales discount. This company was a pioneer with its first running e-commerce in Vietnam at that time. According to the companyââ¬â¢s survey, after one year of operations, the business took 60% of market share. The monthly visitors of the web page are 4 million. There are thousands of customers and millions of vouchers sold. Nowadays, Nhommua has to share the marlet with many other competitors but it still keeps the first rank in the market with the market share of 35. 37%. At the third quarter of 2011, Nhommua. com achieved good results in sales, but made little profit. Thatââ¬â¢s the reason why investors have worried a lot and are attempting to get back their investment. There was a scandal inside of the management team leaders which caused the business to close in a short time and damaged their reputation. Products and services: Diversified products and service are traded on Nhommua. com. Most of the products and services are in the food industry, functional foods, cafe, spa, dentist clinic, travel, clothes, fashion stuffs, home linen, interior, etc. Due to this diversity, the quality and original of products and services sometimes are not accredited. Some customers had complained in some forums that they were not satisfied with the quality of products they bought. It was not mentioned clearly on the web of Nhommua about the original and information of products then it caused confusing and unpleasant to customers after use. Even some information is not reliable. For example, a voucher of a dentist service did not mention clearly about service charge or additional fee but when customers came to use this service, they had to pay more fees which they did not aware in advanced. Nhommua has created very good deals for both producers and customers. Firstly, in the producerââ¬â¢s side, Nhommua helps to bring back more customers than usual or it is a good chance for producer to have more new customers database. With a good price, it creates demand of customers. It is also a good chance to build up branding by promoting. Secondly, in the customerââ¬â¢s side, Nhommua offers chance to use a cheaper price of product or service. It arouses the potential need of customer. Customers have many chances to buy at a cheaper price for a product that they want to have. Discount may be up to 90% if there is a big group agreeing to buy this product. It is a very attractive price for customers. In contrast, producers have to agree on reducing price much. It sometimes means that to have more new customers, producers have to reduce the price and get less profit in the mean time even get non-profit. Procedure of trading on Nhommua. com Those customers who buy vouchers to get discounts may find a lot of choices. It is easy for customer to buy vouchers online by signing up for an account, choosing the product or service which is available at open selling time, clicking on the buy icon and filling in the necessary information to make sure Nhommua can reach the customer. The deal will be done within 72 hours. There are three method of paying for the deal. One is the customers pay at home when using home delivery. For this way, customer may sometimes have to pay a shipping fee if it is not in the free shipping area. Customer can also purchase a voucher directly at the Nhommua office. The last method is paying by online banking. Below are the figures of signing up an account on Nhommua. com and ordering for a product or service: It looks simple to sign up and order on Nhommua. com but still lacks of reliable information. First, it is difficult for Nhommua to make sure that all orders are reliable. Because to get the good price of a product, that the amount of customers agreeing on this price is high. It may cause some fake orders to increase of this amount of agreed customers on good price. There is no commitment between customers and Nhommua or producers. During the time of the scandal inside the company which caused to close the company in a few months, without any commitment, there were some arguments about the most important thing in business which is Trust. This caused a bad image on e-commerce business and Nhommua after this scandal lost a lot of customers.
Wednesday, October 23, 2019
ââ¬ÅLook, stranger, at this island nowââ¬Â by W.H. Auden Essay
This poem us a ââ¬Å"musicalâ⬠exercise in which the poet reveals his technical skill by using sound techniques and figurative language to reinforce his description of a scene. It is one of Audenââ¬â¢s few poems of natural description, perhaps of the coast in the West Country of England. The first stanza requires the stranger ââ¬â someone unfamiliar with the island of kingdom of Britain but perhaps acquainted with the stereotype of it as a dull and gloomy place ââ¬â to look at, and re-examine his prejudice about, Britain, as it is revealed (ââ¬Å"discoveredâ⬠) for his enjoyment by the sunlight dancing and flickering on the waves of the sea. The alliteration and consonance of -l- sounds (leaping, light, delight) and of the dental -t- and -d- sounds (light, delight, discovers) in the second line, and the variation of long vowel sounds in ââ¬Å"leapingâ⬠and ââ¬Å"lightâ⬠, together with the repetition of ââ¬Å"lightâ⬠, creates a quick dancing effect which mimics the reflection of sunlight off waves. In two more commands the narrator requires the stranger to stand and remain quiet so that he can hear the sound of the sea, varying in volume, perhaps according to the fixity required, while the pattern of stresses on ââ¬Å"wanderâ⬠and ââ¬Å"riverâ⬠, in the penultimate line, and on ââ¬Å"swaying sound of the seaâ⬠, in the last line, combined with the sibilance, conveys an idea of the changing volume of sound coming from the sea, and the continued whispering sound that it makes. The second stanza invites the stranger to wait at the point where a small field ends in a chalk cliff, which drops to a shingle beach below. The waves surge up the beach until they are halted by the cliff. The assonance of the long -au- vowel sound in ââ¬Å"smallâ⬠and ââ¬Å"pauseâ⬠in the first line, which concludes with the command to pause, gives the impression of something long ending suddenly, which creates a feeling of suspense and uncertainty as to what comes next and suggests the ending of the land and the beginning of the air. The same assonance in ââ¬Å"chalkâ⬠, ââ¬Å"wallsâ⬠, ââ¬Å"fallsâ⬠and ââ¬Å"tallâ⬠creates the same sense of extension but its quick repetition in ââ¬Å"chalk wall fallsâ⬠à conveys the notion of a rapid or sheer drop, the alliteration of -f- conveying the notion of air bubbling up in foam. The onomatopoeic ââ¬Å"pluckâ⬠and ââ¬Å"knockâ⬠vividly conveys the dragging and pounding effect of the waves on the shingle and the cliff, the sturdy defiance of the last-named being suggested in the metaphor ââ¬Å"opposeâ⬠. The metaphor and onomatopoeia in ââ¬Å"scramblesâ⬠, with its clutter of consonants, again vividly conveys the quick sliding descent of the shingle down the beach, the sibilance re-creating the sound it makes, while the metaphor in ââ¬Å"suckingâ⬠, together with the break in the word, gives some idea of the powerful pulling action of the ebbing waves. Again, the description of the gull and the placing of ââ¬Å"lodgesâ⬠at the end of the line creates a sense of suspension which emphasizes the difficulty of maintaining a perch on the wave and hints at the brevity of the stay. The third stanza takes us further out to sea and describes the ships which leave the port (ââ¬Å"divergeâ⬠), and which seem, because of their diminutive size, as small as seeds. The simile ââ¬Å"like floating seedsâ⬠suggests they are bearing new life. They are so far away that they do not seem to be controlled by men (ââ¬Å"voluntaryâ⬠) though they are on ââ¬Å"errandsâ⬠(which diminishes the importance of their journeys) which are ââ¬Å"urgentâ⬠(these words imply that those who direct these vessels have an exaggerated idea of the importance or value of these journeys). The rhyming of ââ¬Å"divergeâ⬠and ââ¬Å"urgentâ⬠creates a sense of the ploughing movement of the ship as it passes through the water. The last four lines of this stanza return to the start of the poem and suggest that the whole scene may continue to live in the memory of the observer, passing as silently and casually and beautifully as the clouds reflected in the water of the harbour pass, like people strolling at leisure. Here, the alliteration and consonance of the soft -m- sounds in ââ¬Å"memoryâ⬠, ââ¬Å"mirrorâ⬠and ââ¬Å"summerâ⬠, and the half-rhymes of ââ¬Å"mirrorâ⬠ââ¬Å"summerâ⬠and ââ¬Å"saunterâ⬠all convey a sense of gentle and relaxed ease, appropriate for scenes which are recalled in moments of leisure. The poem, then, invites the stranger to see for himself the beauty of thisà island at this special moment in time. Although it suggests a need to re-examine old prejudices about the island kingdom, it also functions as a celebration of the senses of sight and hearing which are used in observing the scene and in re-living the experience. It is written in three stanzas of seven lines. The rhyme scheme of the first stanza is abcdcbd. The line lengths are varied effectively, to suggest changes in the movement of waves or in the duration of a sound or a feeling. Run-on or end-stopped likes are used effectively to convey similar ideas or impressions.
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